{
  "summary": "The European Union tariff has 402 national lines in HS chapter 28 (inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes), under 180 subheadings in 50 headings.",
  "updatedAt": "2026-10-11",
  "facts": [
    {
      "label": "National lines",
      "value": "402",
      "source": null
    },
    {
      "label": "Subheadings",
      "value": "180",
      "source": null
    },
    {
      "label": "Import VAT/GST in the European Union",
      "value": "VAT 21%",
      "source": "border.bot release EU:taxes #1"
    },
    {
      "label": "De minimis in the European Union",
      "value": "Flat €3 duty up to €150; tax always charged",
      "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/382/oj"
    },
    {
      "label": "Tariff",
      "value": "European Union",
      "source": "https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/9e277705-ac42-441d-8580-90cd730d9bc6/Geographical%20areas%20composition.xlsx",
      "url": "https://border.bot/countries/european-union"
    },
    {
      "label": "Chapter",
      "value": "28: Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes",
      "source": null
    }
  ],
  "faq": [
    {
      "question": "How many national tariff lines does the European Union tariff have in HS chapter 28?",
      "answer": "The European Union tariff has 402 national lines in HS chapter 28 (inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes), under 180 subheadings in 50 headings."
    }
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "covers",
      "title": "Subheadings with European Union lines",
      "text": [
        "The European Union tariff has 402 national lines in HS chapter 28 (inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes), under 180 subheadings in 50 headings."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "local",
      "title": "Import VAT and de minimis in the European Union",
      "text": [
        "The European Union charges VAT on imports at a standard rate of 21%.",
        "From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, consignments sold to buyers in the European Union worth up to €150 pay a flat customs duty of €3 per tariff classification in the consignment instead of the tariff rate. Import tax is charged whatever the value."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "other-countries",
      "title": "In other countries",
      "text": [
        "National tariff lines under chapter 28 are live on border.bot for the United States (336 lines, also used by 1 other country)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sources",
      "title": "Sources and updates",
      "text": [
        "The tariff lines for the European Union come from border.bot release 1, read from the publisher’s files, and have been live since 11 October 2026.",
        "The duty rates for the European Union come from border.bot release 1, read from the publisher’s files, and have been live since 11 October 2026.",
        "The trade programmes for the European Union come from border.bot release 1, read from the publisher’s files, and have been live since 11 October 2026.",
        "The import taxes for the European Union come from border.bot release 1, imported from a file, and have been live since 9 October 2026.",
        "The de minimis thresholds for the European Union come from border.bot release 2, entered by border.bot, and have been live since 11 October 2026.",
        "This page was last updated on 11 October 2026.",
        "Guidance from published tariff data, not a binding ruling. For a decision customs must follow, apply to the destination’s customs authority for a binding tariff ruling."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "data": {
    "type": "country-chapter",
    "country": {
      "code": "EU",
      "name": "European Union",
      "slug": "european-union"
    },
    "schedule": {
      "code": "EU",
      "name": "European Union",
      "slug": "european-union"
    },
    "borrowed": false,
    "localTaxes": [
      {
        "code": "VAT",
        "name": "VAT",
        "region": null,
        "rate": 21,
        "rateType": "percent",
        "unit": null,
        "scope": [],
        "exclude": [],
        "startDate": null,
        "endDate": null,
        "sourceUrl": null,
        "notes": null
      }
    ],
    "localDeminimis": [
      {
        "channel": "any",
        "purpose": "sale",
        "currency": "EUR",
        "dutyThreshold": 150,
        "taxThreshold": null,
        "basis": "consignment",
        "valueBasis": "goods",
        "exclusions": [],
        "origins": [],
        "excludeOrigins": [],
        "sellerScheme": null,
        "flatDuty": {
          "per": "classification",
          "amount": 3,
          "currency": "EUR",
          "codeLength": null
        },
        "from": "EU",
        "startDate": "2026-07-01",
        "endDate": "2028-07-01",
        "sourceUrl": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/382/oj",
        "notes": null
      }
    ],
    "ratesLive": true,
    "provenance": [
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        "liveAt": "2026-10-09T16:13:46.627Z",
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        "sourceUrls": []
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    ],
    "dateModified": "2026-10-11T20:29:44.802Z",
    "chapter": {
      "code": "28",
      "description": "Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes"
    },
    "headings": [
      {
        "code": "2801",
        "description": "Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280110",
            "description": "Chlorine",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280120",
            "description": "Iodine",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280130",
            "description": "Fluorine; bromine",
            "lines": 2
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2802",
        "description": "Sulphur, sublimed or precipitated; colloidal sulphur",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280200",
            "description": "Sulphur, sublimed or precipitated; colloidal sulphur",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2803",
        "description": "Carbon (carbon blacks and other forms of carbon not elsewhere specified or included)",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280300",
            "description": "Carbon (carbon blacks and other forms of carbon not elsewhere specified or included)",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2804",
        "description": "Hydrogen, rare gases and other non-metals",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280410",
            "description": "Hydrogen",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280421",
            "description": "Rare gases: Argon",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280429",
            "description": "Rare gases: Other",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "280430",
            "description": "Nitrogen",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280440",
            "description": "Oxygen",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280450",
            "description": "Boron; tellurium",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "280461",
            "description": "Silicon: Containing by weight not less than 99.99 % of silicon",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280469",
            "description": "Silicon: Other",
            "lines": 3
          },
          {
            "code": "280470",
            "description": "Phosphorus",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "280480",
            "description": "Arsenic",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280490",
            "description": "Selenium",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2805",
        "description": "Alkali or alkaline-earth metals; rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium, whether or not intermixed or interalloyed; mercury",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280511",
            "description": "Alkali or alkaline-earth metals: Sodium",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280512",
            "description": "Alkali or alkaline-earth metals: Calcium",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "280519",
            "description": "Alkali or alkaline-earth metals: Other",
            "lines": 3
          },
          {
            "code": "280530",
            "description": "Rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium, whether or not intermixed or interalloyed",
            "lines": 22
          },
          {
            "code": "280540",
            "description": "Mercury",
            "lines": 2
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2806",
        "description": "Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid); chlorosulphuric acid",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280610",
            "description": "Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid)",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280620",
            "description": "Chlorosulphuric acid",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2807",
        "description": "Sulphuric acid; oleum",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280700",
            "description": "Sulphuric acid; oleum",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2808",
        "description": "Nitric acid; sulphonitric acids",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280800",
            "description": "Nitric acid; sulphonitric acids",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2809",
        "description": "Diphosphorus pentaoxide; phosphoric acid; polyphosphoric acids, whether or not chemically defined",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280910",
            "description": "Diphosphorus pentaoxide",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "280920",
            "description": "Phosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acids",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2810",
        "description": "Oxides of boron; boric acids",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281000",
            "description": "Oxides of boron; boric acids",
            "lines": 2
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2811",
        "description": "Other inorganic acids and other inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281111",
            "description": "Other inorganic acids: Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid)",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281112",
            "description": "Other inorganic acids: Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid)",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281119",
            "description": "Other inorganic acids: Other",
            "lines": 5
          },
          {
            "code": "281121",
            "description": "Other inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals: Carbon dioxide",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281122",
            "description": "Other inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals: Silicon dioxide",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "281129",
            "description": "Other inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals: Other",
            "lines": 7
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2812",
        "description": "Halides and halide oxides of non-metals",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281211",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Carbonyl dichloride (phosgene)",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281212",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Phosphorus oxychloride",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281213",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Phosphorus trichloride",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281214",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Phosphorus pentachloride",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281215",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Sulphur monochloride",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281216",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Sulphur dichloride",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281217",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Thionyl chloride",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281219",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Other",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "281290",
            "description": "Other",
            "lines": 4
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2813",
        "description": "Sulphides of non-metals; commercial phosphorus trisulphide",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281310",
            "description": "Carbon disulphide",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281390",
            "description": "Other",
            "lines": 2
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2814",
        "description": "Ammonia, anhydrous or in aqueous solution",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281410",
            "description": "Anhydrous ammonia",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281420",
            "description": "Ammonia in aqueous solution",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2815",
        "description": "Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda); potassium hydroxide (caustic potash); peroxides of sodium or potassium",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281511",
            "description": "Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda): Solid",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281512",
            "description": "Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda): In aqueous solution (soda lye or liquid soda)",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281520",
            "description": "Potassium hydroxide (caustic potash)",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281530",
            "description": "Peroxides of sodium or potassium",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2816",
        "description": "Hydroxide and peroxide of magnesium; oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281610",
            "description": "Hydroxide and peroxide of magnesium",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281640",
            "description": "Oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium",
            "lines": 2
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2817",
        "description": "Zinc oxide; zinc peroxide",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281700",
            "description": "Zinc oxide; zinc peroxide",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2818",
        "description": "Artificial corundum, whether or not chemically defined; aluminium oxide; aluminium hydroxide",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281810",
            "description": "Artificial corundum, whether or not chemically defined",
            "lines": 13
          },
          {
            "code": "281820",
            "description": "Aluminium oxide, other than artificial corundum",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "281830",
            "description": "Aluminium hydroxide",
            "lines": 3
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2819",
        "description": "Chromium oxides and hydroxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281910",
            "description": "Chromium trioxide",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "281990",
            "description": "Other",
            "lines": 5
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2820",
        "description": "Manganese oxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282010",
            "description": "Manganese dioxide",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "282090",
            "description": "Other",
            "lines": 2
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2821",
        "description": "Iron oxides and hydroxides; earth colours containing 70 % or more by weight of combined iron evaluated as Fe2O3",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282110",
            "description": "Iron oxides and hydroxides",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "282120",
            "description": "Earth colours",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2822",
        "description": "Cobalt oxides and hydroxides; commercial cobalt oxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282200",
            "description": "Cobalt oxides and hydroxides; commercial cobalt oxides",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2823",
        "description": "Titanium oxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282300",
            "description": "Titanium oxides",
            "lines": 6
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2824",
        "description": "Lead oxides; red lead and orange lead",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282410",
            "description": "Lead monoxide (litharge, massicot)",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "282490",
            "description": "Other",
            "lines": 1
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2825",
        "description": "Hydrazine and hydroxylamine and their inorganic salts; other inorganic bases; other metal oxides, hydroxides and peroxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282510",
            "description": "Hydrazine and hydroxylamine and their inorganic salts",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "282520",
            "description": "Lithium oxide and hydroxide",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "282530",
            "description": "Vanadium oxides and hydroxides",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "282540",
            "description": "Nickel oxides and hydroxides",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "282550",
            "description": "Copper oxides and hydroxides",
            "lines": 3
          },
          {
            "code": "282560",
            "description": "Germanium oxides and zirconium dioxide",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "282570",
            "description": "Molybdenum oxides and hydroxides",
            "lines": 2
          },
          {
            "code": "282580",
            "description": "Antimony oxides",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "282590",
            "description": "Other",
            "lines": 8
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2826",
        "description": "Fluorides; fluorosilicates, fluoroaluminates and other complex fluorine salts",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282612",
            "description": "Fluorides: Of aluminium",
            "lines": 1
          },
          {
            "code": "282619",
            "description": "Fluorides: Other",
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