{
  "summary": "HS chapter 28 covers inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes. It has 50 headings, 28.01 to 28.53, and 180 six-digit subheadings in HS2022. National tariff lines under chapter 28 are live on border.bot for the United States (336 lines, also used by 1 other country).",
  "updatedAt": "2026-10-11",
  "facts": [
    {
      "label": "Chapter",
      "value": "28",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    },
    {
      "label": "Description",
      "value": "Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    },
    {
      "label": "Headings",
      "value": "50",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    },
    {
      "label": "Subheadings",
      "value": "180",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    },
    {
      "label": "Edition",
      "value": "HS2022",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    }
  ],
  "faq": [
    {
      "question": "What does HS chapter 28 cover?",
      "answer": "HS chapter 28 covers inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes."
    },
    {
      "question": "How many headings and subheadings are in HS chapter 28?",
      "answer": "HS chapter 28 has 50 headings and 180 six-digit subheadings in HS2022."
    },
    {
      "question": "Which countries’ tariffs list national lines in HS chapter 28?",
      "answer": "National tariff lines under chapter 28 are live on border.bot for the United States (336 lines, also used by 1 other country)."
    }
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "covers",
      "title": "What this chapter covers",
      "text": [
        "HS chapter 28 covers inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes.",
        "It has 50 headings, 28.01 to 28.53, and 180 six-digit subheadings in HS2022."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "not-covered",
      "title": "What it doesn’t cover",
      "text": [
        "Chapter 27, before it, covers mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes; chapter 29, after it, covers organic chemicals."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "structure",
      "title": "How it is structured",
      "text": [
        "Chapter 28 is the first level of the Harmonized System. Its headings add two digits to the chapter number (28.01), and each heading's subheadings add two more."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "other-countries",
      "title": "In other countries",
      "text": [
        "National tariff lines under chapter 28 are live on border.bot for the United States (336 lines, also used by 1 other country)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sources",
      "title": "Sources and updates",
      "text": [
        "The Harmonized System legal text comes from border.bot release 2 (edition HS 2022), imported from a file, and has been live since 11 October 2026.",
        "This page was last updated on 11 October 2026.",
        "Guidance from published tariff data, not a binding ruling. For a decision customs must follow, apply to the destination’s customs authority for a binding tariff ruling."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "data": {
    "type": "hs-chapter",
    "edition": "HS2022",
    "chapter": {
      "code": "28",
      "description": "Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes"
    },
    "headings": [
      {
        "code": "2801",
        "description": "Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280110",
            "description": "Chlorine"
          },
          {
            "code": "280120",
            "description": "Iodine"
          },
          {
            "code": "280130",
            "description": "Fluorine; bromine"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2802",
        "description": "Sulphur, sublimed or precipitated; colloidal sulphur",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280200",
            "description": "Sulphur, sublimed or precipitated; colloidal sulphur"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2803",
        "description": "Carbon (carbon blacks and other forms of carbon not elsewhere specified or included)",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280300",
            "description": "Carbon (carbon blacks and other forms of carbon not elsewhere specified or included)"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2804",
        "description": "Hydrogen, rare gases and other non-metals",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280410",
            "description": "Hydrogen"
          },
          {
            "code": "280421",
            "description": "Rare gases: Argon"
          },
          {
            "code": "280429",
            "description": "Rare gases: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "280430",
            "description": "Nitrogen"
          },
          {
            "code": "280440",
            "description": "Oxygen"
          },
          {
            "code": "280450",
            "description": "Boron; tellurium"
          },
          {
            "code": "280461",
            "description": "Silicon: Containing by weight not less than 99.99 % of silicon"
          },
          {
            "code": "280469",
            "description": "Silicon: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "280470",
            "description": "Phosphorus"
          },
          {
            "code": "280480",
            "description": "Arsenic"
          },
          {
            "code": "280490",
            "description": "Selenium"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2805",
        "description": "Alkali or alkaline-earth metals; rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium, whether or not intermixed or interalloyed; mercury",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280511",
            "description": "Alkali or alkaline-earth metals: Sodium"
          },
          {
            "code": "280512",
            "description": "Alkali or alkaline-earth metals: Calcium"
          },
          {
            "code": "280519",
            "description": "Alkali or alkaline-earth metals: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "280530",
            "description": "Rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium, whether or not intermixed or interalloyed"
          },
          {
            "code": "280540",
            "description": "Mercury"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2806",
        "description": "Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid); chlorosulphuric acid",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280610",
            "description": "Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid)"
          },
          {
            "code": "280620",
            "description": "Chlorosulphuric acid"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2807",
        "description": "Sulphuric acid; oleum",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280700",
            "description": "Sulphuric acid; oleum"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2808",
        "description": "Nitric acid; sulphonitric acids",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280800",
            "description": "Nitric acid; sulphonitric acids"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2809",
        "description": "Diphosphorus pentaoxide; phosphoric acid; polyphosphoric acids, whether or not chemically defined",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "280910",
            "description": "Diphosphorus pentaoxide"
          },
          {
            "code": "280920",
            "description": "Phosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acids"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2810",
        "description": "Oxides of boron; boric acids",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281000",
            "description": "Oxides of boron; boric acids"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2811",
        "description": "Other inorganic acids and other inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281111",
            "description": "Other inorganic acids: Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid)"
          },
          {
            "code": "281112",
            "description": "Other inorganic acids: Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid)"
          },
          {
            "code": "281119",
            "description": "Other inorganic acids: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "281121",
            "description": "Other inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals: Carbon dioxide"
          },
          {
            "code": "281122",
            "description": "Other inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals: Silicon dioxide"
          },
          {
            "code": "281129",
            "description": "Other inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals: Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2812",
        "description": "Halides and halide oxides of non-metals",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281211",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Carbonyl dichloride (phosgene)"
          },
          {
            "code": "281212",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Phosphorus oxychloride"
          },
          {
            "code": "281213",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Phosphorus trichloride"
          },
          {
            "code": "281214",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Phosphorus pentachloride"
          },
          {
            "code": "281215",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Sulphur monochloride"
          },
          {
            "code": "281216",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Sulphur dichloride"
          },
          {
            "code": "281217",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Thionyl chloride"
          },
          {
            "code": "281219",
            "description": "Chlorides and chloride oxides: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "281290",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2813",
        "description": "Sulphides of non-metals; commercial phosphorus trisulphide",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281310",
            "description": "Carbon disulphide"
          },
          {
            "code": "281390",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2814",
        "description": "Ammonia, anhydrous or in aqueous solution",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281410",
            "description": "Anhydrous ammonia"
          },
          {
            "code": "281420",
            "description": "Ammonia in aqueous solution"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2815",
        "description": "Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda); potassium hydroxide (caustic potash); peroxides of sodium or potassium",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281511",
            "description": "Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda): Solid"
          },
          {
            "code": "281512",
            "description": "Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda): In aqueous solution (soda lye or liquid soda)"
          },
          {
            "code": "281520",
            "description": "Potassium hydroxide (caustic potash)"
          },
          {
            "code": "281530",
            "description": "Peroxides of sodium or potassium"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2816",
        "description": "Hydroxide and peroxide of magnesium; oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281610",
            "description": "Hydroxide and peroxide of magnesium"
          },
          {
            "code": "281640",
            "description": "Oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2817",
        "description": "Zinc oxide; zinc peroxide",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281700",
            "description": "Zinc oxide; zinc peroxide"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2818",
        "description": "Artificial corundum, whether or not chemically defined; aluminium oxide; aluminium hydroxide",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281810",
            "description": "Artificial corundum, whether or not chemically defined"
          },
          {
            "code": "281820",
            "description": "Aluminium oxide, other than artificial corundum"
          },
          {
            "code": "281830",
            "description": "Aluminium hydroxide"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2819",
        "description": "Chromium oxides and hydroxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "281910",
            "description": "Chromium trioxide"
          },
          {
            "code": "281990",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2820",
        "description": "Manganese oxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282010",
            "description": "Manganese dioxide"
          },
          {
            "code": "282090",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2821",
        "description": "Iron oxides and hydroxides; earth colours containing 70 % or more by weight of combined iron evaluated as Fe2O3",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282110",
            "description": "Iron oxides and hydroxides"
          },
          {
            "code": "282120",
            "description": "Earth colours"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2822",
        "description": "Cobalt oxides and hydroxides; commercial cobalt oxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282200",
            "description": "Cobalt oxides and hydroxides; commercial cobalt oxides"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2823",
        "description": "Titanium oxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282300",
            "description": "Titanium oxides"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2824",
        "description": "Lead oxides; red lead and orange lead",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282410",
            "description": "Lead monoxide (litharge, massicot)"
          },
          {
            "code": "282490",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
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      {
        "code": "2825",
        "description": "Hydrazine and hydroxylamine and their inorganic salts; other inorganic bases; other metal oxides, hydroxides and peroxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282510",
            "description": "Hydrazine and hydroxylamine and their inorganic salts"
          },
          {
            "code": "282520",
            "description": "Lithium oxide and hydroxide"
          },
          {
            "code": "282530",
            "description": "Vanadium oxides and hydroxides"
          },
          {
            "code": "282540",
            "description": "Nickel oxides and hydroxides"
          },
          {
            "code": "282550",
            "description": "Copper oxides and hydroxides"
          },
          {
            "code": "282560",
            "description": "Germanium oxides and zirconium dioxide"
          },
          {
            "code": "282570",
            "description": "Molybdenum oxides and hydroxides"
          },
          {
            "code": "282580",
            "description": "Antimony oxides"
          },
          {
            "code": "282590",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2826",
        "description": "Fluorides; fluorosilicates, fluoroaluminates and other complex fluorine salts",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282612",
            "description": "Fluorides: Of aluminium"
          },
          {
            "code": "282619",
            "description": "Fluorides: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "282630",
            "description": "Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (synthetic cryolite)"
          },
          {
            "code": "282690",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2827",
        "description": "Chlorides, chloride oxides and chloride hydroxides; bromides and bromide oxides; iodides and iodide oxides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282710",
            "description": "Ammonium chloride"
          },
          {
            "code": "282720",
            "description": "Calcium chloride"
          },
          {
            "code": "282731",
            "description": "Other chlorides: Of magnesium"
          },
          {
            "code": "282732",
            "description": "Other chlorides: Of aluminium"
          },
          {
            "code": "282735",
            "description": "Other chlorides: Of nickel"
          },
          {
            "code": "282739",
            "description": "Other chlorides: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "282741",
            "description": "Chloride oxides and chloride hydroxides: Of copper"
          },
          {
            "code": "282749",
            "description": "Chloride oxides and chloride hydroxides: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "282751",
            "description": "Bromides and bromide oxides: Bromides of sodium or of potassium"
          },
          {
            "code": "282759",
            "description": "Bromides and bromide oxides: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "282760",
            "description": "Iodides and iodide oxides"
          }
        ]
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        "code": "2828",
        "description": "Hypochlorites; commercial calcium hypochlorite; chlorites; hypobromites",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282810",
            "description": "Commercial calcium hypochlorite and other calcium hypochlorites"
          },
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            "code": "282890",
            "description": "Other"
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        "code": "2829",
        "description": "Chlorates and perchlorates; bromates and perbromates; iodates and periodates",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "282911",
            "description": "Chlorates: Of sodium"
          },
          {
            "code": "282919",
            "description": "Chlorates: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "282990",
            "description": "Other"
          }
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        "code": "2830",
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        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "283010",
            "description": "Sodium sulphides"
          },
          {
            "code": "283090",
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        "code": "2831",
        "description": "Dithionites and sulphoxylates",
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            "code": "283110",
            "description": "Of sodium"
          },
          {
            "code": "283190",
            "description": "Other"
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