{
  "summary": "HS chapter 28 covers inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes. It has 50 headings, 28.01 to 28.53, and 180 six-digit subheadings in HS2022. National tariff lines under chapter 28 are live on border.bot for the United States (336 lines, also used by 1 other country).",
  "updatedAt": "2026-10-11",
  "facts": [
    {
      "label": "Chapter",
      "value": "28",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    },
    {
      "label": "Description",
      "value": "Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    },
    {
      "label": "Headings",
      "value": "50",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    },
    {
      "label": "Subheadings",
      "value": "180",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    },
    {
      "label": "Edition",
      "value": "HS2022",
      "source": "border.bot release GLOBAL:hs #2"
    }
  ],
  "faq": [
    {
      "question": "What does HS chapter 28 cover?",
      "answer": "HS chapter 28 covers inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes."
    },
    {
      "question": "How many headings and subheadings are in HS chapter 28?",
      "answer": "HS chapter 28 has 50 headings and 180 six-digit subheadings in HS2022."
    },
    {
      "question": "Which countries’ tariffs list national lines in HS chapter 28?",
      "answer": "National tariff lines under chapter 28 are live on border.bot for the United States (336 lines, also used by 1 other country)."
    }
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "covers",
      "title": "What this chapter covers",
      "text": [
        "HS chapter 28 covers inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes.",
        "It has 50 headings, 28.01 to 28.53, and 180 six-digit subheadings in HS2022."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "not-covered",
      "title": "What it doesn’t cover",
      "text": [
        "Chapter 27, before it, covers mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes; chapter 29, after it, covers organic chemicals."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "structure",
      "title": "How it is structured",
      "text": [
        "Chapter 28 is the first level of the Harmonized System. Its headings add two digits to the chapter number (28.01), and each heading's subheadings add two more."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "other-countries",
      "title": "In other countries",
      "text": [
        "National tariff lines under chapter 28 are live on border.bot for the United States (336 lines, also used by 1 other country)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sources",
      "title": "Sources and updates",
      "text": [
        "The Harmonized System legal text comes from border.bot release 2 (edition HS 2022), imported from a file, and has been live since 11 October 2026.",
        "This page was last updated on 11 October 2026.",
        "Guidance from published tariff data, not a binding ruling. For a decision customs must follow, apply to the destination’s customs authority for a binding tariff ruling."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "data": {
    "type": "hs-chapter",
    "edition": "HS2022",
    "chapter": {
      "code": "28",
      "description": "Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes"
    },
    "headings": [
      {
        "code": "2832",
        "description": "Sulphites; thiosulphates",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "283210",
            "description": "Sodium sulphites"
          },
          {
            "code": "283220",
            "description": "Other sulphites"
          },
          {
            "code": "283230",
            "description": "Thiosulphates"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2833",
        "description": "Sulphates; alums; peroxosulphates (persulphates)",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "283311",
            "description": "Sodium sulphates: Disodium sulphate"
          },
          {
            "code": "283319",
            "description": "Sodium sulphates: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "283321",
            "description": "Other sulphates: Of magnesium"
          },
          {
            "code": "283322",
            "description": "Other sulphates: Of aluminium"
          },
          {
            "code": "283324",
            "description": "Other sulphates: Of nickel"
          },
          {
            "code": "283325",
            "description": "Other sulphates: Of copper"
          },
          {
            "code": "283327",
            "description": "Other sulphates: Of barium"
          },
          {
            "code": "283329",
            "description": "Other sulphates: Other"
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          {
            "code": "283330",
            "description": "Alums"
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          {
            "code": "283340",
            "description": "Peroxosulphates (persulphates)"
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      {
        "code": "2834",
        "description": "Nitrites; nitrates",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "283410",
            "description": "Nitrites"
          },
          {
            "code": "283421",
            "description": "Nitrates: Of potassium"
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          {
            "code": "283429",
            "description": "Nitrates: Other"
          }
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      {
        "code": "2835",
        "description": "Phosphinates (hypophosphites), phosphonates (phosphites) and phosphates; polyphosphates, whether or not chemically defined",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "283510",
            "description": "Phosphinates (hypophosphites) and phosphonates (phosphites)"
          },
          {
            "code": "283522",
            "description": "Phosphates: Of mono- or disodium"
          },
          {
            "code": "283524",
            "description": "Phosphates: Of potassium"
          },
          {
            "code": "283525",
            "description": "Phosphates: Calcium hydrogenorthophosphate (“dicalcium phosphate”)"
          },
          {
            "code": "283526",
            "description": "Phosphates: Other phosphates of calcium"
          },
          {
            "code": "283529",
            "description": "Phosphates: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "283531",
            "description": "Polyphosphates: Sodium triphosphate (sodium tripolyphosphate)"
          },
          {
            "code": "283539",
            "description": "Polyphosphates: Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2836",
        "description": "Carbonates; peroxocarbonates (percarbonates); commercial ammonium carbonate containing ammonium carbamate",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "283620",
            "description": "Disodium carbonate"
          },
          {
            "code": "283630",
            "description": "Sodium hydrogencarbonate (sodium bicarbonate)"
          },
          {
            "code": "283640",
            "description": "Potassium carbonates"
          },
          {
            "code": "283650",
            "description": "Calcium carbonate"
          },
          {
            "code": "283660",
            "description": "Barium carbonate"
          },
          {
            "code": "283691",
            "description": "Other: Lithium carbonates"
          },
          {
            "code": "283692",
            "description": "Other: Strontium carbonate"
          },
          {
            "code": "283699",
            "description": "Other: Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2837",
        "description": "Cyanides, cyanide oxides and complex cyanides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "283711",
            "description": "Cyanides and cyanide oxides: Of sodium"
          },
          {
            "code": "283719",
            "description": "Cyanides and cyanide oxides: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "283720",
            "description": "Complex cyanides"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2839",
        "description": "Silicates; commercial alkali metal silicates",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "283911",
            "description": "Of sodium: Sodium metasilicates"
          },
          {
            "code": "283919",
            "description": "Of sodium: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "283990",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2840",
        "description": "Borates; peroxoborates (perborates)",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "284011",
            "description": "Disodium tetraborate (refined borax): Anhydrous"
          },
          {
            "code": "284019",
            "description": "Disodium tetraborate (refined borax): Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "284020",
            "description": "Other borates"
          },
          {
            "code": "284030",
            "description": "Peroxoborates (perborates)"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2841",
        "description": "Salts of oxometallic or peroxometallic acids",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "284130",
            "description": "Sodium dichromate"
          },
          {
            "code": "284150",
            "description": "Other chromates and dichromates; peroxochromates"
          },
          {
            "code": "284161",
            "description": "Manganites, manganates and permanganates: Potassium permanganate"
          },
          {
            "code": "284169",
            "description": "Manganites, manganates and permanganates: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "284170",
            "description": "Molybdates"
          },
          {
            "code": "284180",
            "description": "Tungstates (wolframates)"
          },
          {
            "code": "284190",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2842",
        "description": "Other salts of inorganic acids or peroxoacids (including aluminosilicates whether or not chemically defined), other than azides",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "284210",
            "description": "Double or complex silicates, including aluminosilicates whether or not chemically defined"
          },
          {
            "code": "284290",
            "description": "Other"
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        ]
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      {
        "code": "2843",
        "description": "Colloidal precious metals; inorganic or organic compounds of precious metals, whether or not chemically defined; amalgams of precious metals",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "284310",
            "description": "Colloidal precious metals"
          },
          {
            "code": "284321",
            "description": "Silver compounds: Silver nitrate"
          },
          {
            "code": "284329",
            "description": "Silver compounds: Other"
          },
          {
            "code": "284330",
            "description": "Gold compounds"
          },
          {
            "code": "284390",
            "description": "Other compounds; amalgams"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2844",
        "description": "Radioactive chemical elements and radioactive isotopes (including the fissile or fertile chemical elements and isotopes) and their compounds; mixtures and residues containing these products",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "284410",
            "description": "Natural uranium and its compounds; alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing natural uranium or natural uranium compounds"
          },
          {
            "code": "284420",
            "description": "Uranium enriched in U 235 and its compounds; plutonium and its compounds; alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing uranium enriched in U 235, plutonium or compounds of these products"
          },
          {
            "code": "284430",
            "description": "Uranium depleted in U 235 and its compounds; thorium and its compounds; alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing uranium depleted in U 235, thorium or compounds of these products"
          },
          {
            "code": "284441",
            "description": "Radioactive elements and isotopes and compounds other than those of subheading 2844 10, 2844 20 or 2844 30; alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing these elements, isotopes or compounds; radioactive residues: Tritium and its compounds; alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing tritium or its compounds"
          },
          {
            "code": "284442",
            "description": "Radioactive elements and isotopes and compounds other than those of subheading 2844 10, 2844 20 or 2844 30; alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing these elements, isotopes or compounds; radioactive residues: Actinium-225, actinium-227, californium-253, curium-240, curium-241, curium-242, curium-243, curium-244, einsteinium-253, einsteinium-254, gadolinium-148, polonium-208, polonium-209, polonium-210, radium-223, uranium-230 or uranium-232, and their compounds; alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing these elements or compounds"
          },
          {
            "code": "284443",
            "description": "Radioactive elements and isotopes and compounds other than those of subheading 2844 10, 2844 20 or 2844 30; alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing these elements, isotopes or compounds; radioactive residues: Other radioactive elements and isotopes and compounds; other alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing these elements, isotopes or compounds"
          },
          {
            "code": "284444",
            "description": "Radioactive elements and isotopes and compounds other than those of subheading 2844 10, 2844 20 or 2844 30; alloys, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing these elements, isotopes or compounds; radioactive residues: Radioactive residues"
          },
          {
            "code": "284450",
            "description": "Spent (irradiated) fuel elements (cartridges) of nuclear reactors"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "code": "2845",
        "description": "Isotopes other than those of heading 28.44; compounds, inorganic or organic, of such isotopes, whether or not chemically defined",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "284510",
            "description": "Heavy water (deuterium oxide)"
          },
          {
            "code": "284520",
            "description": "Boron enriched in boron-10 and its compounds"
          },
          {
            "code": "284530",
            "description": "Lithium enriched in lithium-6 and its compounds"
          },
          {
            "code": "284540",
            "description": "Helium-3"
          },
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            "code": "284590",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
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        "code": "2846",
        "description": "Compounds, inorganic or organic, of rare-earth metals, of yttrium or of scandium or of mixtures of these metals",
        "subheadings": [
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            "code": "284610",
            "description": "Cerium compounds"
          },
          {
            "code": "284690",
            "description": "Other"
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      {
        "code": "2847",
        "description": "Hydrogen peroxide, whether or not solidified with urea",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "284700",
            "description": "Hydrogen peroxide, whether or not solidified with urea"
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        "description": "Carbides, whether or not chemically defined",
        "subheadings": [
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            "code": "284910",
            "description": "Of calcium"
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            "description": "Other"
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            "code": "285000",
            "description": "Hydrides, nitrides, azides, silicides and borides, whether or not chemically defined, other than compounds which are also carbides of heading 28.49"
          }
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      {
        "code": "2852",
        "description": "Inorganic or organic compounds of mercury, whether or not chemically defined, excluding amalgams",
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            "code": "285210",
            "description": "Chemically defined"
          },
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            "code": "285290",
            "description": "Other"
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        "description": "Phosphides, whether or not chemically defined, excluding ferrophosphorus; other inorganic compounds (including distilled or conductivity water and water of similar purity); liquid air (whether or not rare gases have been removed); compressed air; amalgams, other than amalgams of precious metals",
        "subheadings": [
          {
            "code": "285310",
            "description": "Cyanogen chloride (chlorcyan)"
          },
          {
            "code": "285390",
            "description": "Other"
          }
        ]
      }
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      "description": "Organic chemicals",
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